If you’re looking for the best airless sprayers for vinyl siding in 2025, I recommend tools with high PSI (around 2000 to 3000), versatile nozzles, and a reputation for reliable performance. Models like the Himalaya High Pressure Sprayer and the MaXpray M1 are excellent choices for quick, smooth finishes on large surfaces. They support unthinned paints and offer adjustable features for professional results. Stay with me to explore the top picks that can make your siding project a breeze.
Key Takeaways
- Look for sprayers with high PSI (2000-3000+) for efficient vinyl siding coverage and smooth finishes.
- Choose models with adjustable pressure controls and versatile nozzle options for precise application.
- Prioritize lightweight, ergonomic designs with long hoses for easy maneuverability on large siding surfaces.
- Ensure compatibility with thick, unthinned paints and multiple spray patterns for different siding textures.
- Opt for durable, easy-to-maintain units with fast setup and cleaning features for professional-quality results.
Himalaya High Pressure Airless Paint Sprayer (3000 PSI)
If you’re looking for a powerful and versatile sprayer that can handle large vinyl siding projects with ease, the Himalaya High Pressure Airless Paint Sprayer (3000 PSI) is an excellent choice. It operates at 3000 PSI with a robust 5/8HP motor, ensuring smooth, even coats quickly. Its support for various nozzle sizes allows for different spray patterns, making it adaptable. The sprayer’s high flow rate of 0.32 GPM draws paint directly from cans, reducing mess. Its portable design, combined with a 25 ft. hose, makes it easy to maneuver around large surfaces. Perfect for both professionals and DIYers, it delivers professional results efficiently.
Best For: Homeowners, professional contractors, and DIY enthusiasts tackling large-scale interior and exterior painting projects with efficiency and professional-quality results.
Pros:
- Operates at 3000 PSI with a powerful 5/8HP motor for fast and even coverage
- Supports multiple nozzle sizes for versatile spray patterns and detailed finishes
- Portable design with a 25 ft. hose for easy maneuverability across large surfaces
Cons:
- May require some experience to set up and optimize spray patterns
- Heavier than manual tools, potentially causing fatigue over extended use
- Higher power and pressure settings might lead to increased paint overspray if not managed properly
Zhengmy Airless Paint Sprayer Gun Accessories (17 Pieces)
The Zhengmy Airless Paint Sprayer Gun Accessories (17 Pieces) stand out as an excellent choice for professionals and DIY enthusiasts who need reliable, versatile tools for various painting tasks. This kit includes an airless sprayer gun, nozzle tip guard, 10 reversible spray tips, and 5 mesh filters, making it compatible with different projects like furniture, ceilings, fences, and industrial applications. The high-quality materials ensure durability, while the adjustable spray range and reversible tips improve efficiency and precision. Easy to assemble and use, these accessories support smooth, clog-free operation, offering a dependable solution for both routine maintenance and demanding projects.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professionals seeking durable, versatile spray gun accessories for various painting projects and industrial applications.
Pros:
- Made from high-quality, durable materials like stainless steel and tungsten carbide for long-lasting use.
- Adjustable spray range and reversible tips enhance precision and efficiency across different tasks.
- Easy to assemble and operate, supporting smooth, clog-free spraying and quick setup.
Cons:
- May require some familiarity with spray guns for optimal assembly and operation.
- Compatibility limited to equipment with a 1/4 inch connection, potentially requiring adapters.
- The kit might be more than needed for small or infrequent DIY projects.
700W Power Airless Paint Sprayer with 4 Nozzles and 3 Patterns
The W Power Airless Paint Sprayer with 4 nozzles and 3 patterns stands out as an ideal choice for DIY enthusiasts and professionals seeking versatile, precise spraying. With a powerful 700W motor, it handles house painting, decks, cabinets, and doors effortlessly. Its adjustable spray patterns—horizontal, vertical, and circular—offer great flexibility. The four copper nozzles (ranging from 0.5mm to 2.5mm) let you tailor the spray to your project’s needs. Lightweight at just 3.5 pounds, it includes cleaning and blowing functions, plus a 1200ml paint container. This sprayer offers excellent control and easy maintenance, making it a top pick for smooth, professional finishes.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professionals seeking a versatile, lightweight paint sprayer with customizable patterns and nozzles for various home improvement projects.
Pros:
- Offers three adjustable spray patterns (horizontal, vertical, circular) for diverse application needs
- Comes with four copper nozzles (0.5mm to 2.5mm) to customize spray based on project requirements
- Lightweight design at 3.5 pounds with easy cleaning and blowing functions for user convenience
Cons:
- May require careful cleaning due to multiple nozzle sizes and components
- Limited to 700W power which might be less suitable for very large or heavy-duty projects
- Some users might find the included accessories and manual insufficient for complex or extensive tasks
MaXpray M1 Airless Paint Sprayer
For homeowners seeking an easy-to-use, efficient sprayer for small to medium projects, the MaXpray M1 Airless Paint Sprayer stands out with its high-performance motor and no pre-thinning requirement. It’s perfect for interior walls, furniture, and exterior surfaces like decks and siding. Faster than rollers and brushes, it streamlines your home improvement tasks. The AtoMax spray tip ensures smooth, professional-quality finishes with minimal overspray, reducing waste. Designed for beginners, it’s simple to set up and clean in just 10 minutes using the Flush-Ease Valve. Plus, its safety features and accessories make painting comfortable, safe, and hassle-free.
Best For: homeowners and DIY enthusiasts seeking an easy-to-use, efficient airless paint sprayer for small to medium interior and exterior projects.
Pros:
- No pre-thinning required, saving time and effort during setup
- Fast and smooth application with professional-quality finishes
- Easy to clean in just 10 minutes with the Flush-Ease Valve
Cons:
- Limited to projects up to 10 gallons, not suitable for large-scale jobs
- May produce some overspray if not properly managed
- Requires some assembly and familiarity with spray equipment for optimal use
Airless Paint Sprayer, High-Pressure Electric Paint Spray Gun
If you’re tackling large exterior projects like vinyl siding, an airless paint sprayer with a high-pressure electric gun is your best bet for quick, professional results. It sprays paint five times faster than traditional methods, covering big areas efficiently while atomizing paint directly for a smooth, even finish in one pass. The precise stainless steel pump guarantees steady pressure and prevents blockages. Adjustable nozzles let you switch between detailed work and broad coverage, while the anti-drip design minimizes waste. Compatible with various paints and surfaces, it’s easy to maintain, lightweight, and quiet—making it perfect for large projects and residential use alike.
Best For: DIY homeowners and professionals undertaking large exterior painting projects like siding, fences, and walls who need fast, efficient, and professional results.
Pros:
- Sprays paint five times faster than traditional methods, saving significant time on large areas.
- Atomizes paint directly for smooth, even coats in a single pass, ensuring a professional finish.
- Supports various paints and surfaces, with easy maintenance and adjustable nozzles for versatile use.
Cons:
- May be heavy for prolonged use without proper handling or support.
- Requires an electrical power source, limiting portability in some outdoor settings.
- Initial setup and cleaning can be time-consuming for beginners unfamiliar with airless sprayers.
Paint Sprayer, 700W HVLP Spray Gun with Nozzles & Patterns
A 700W HVLP spray gun with multiple nozzles and adjustable patterns offers exceptional versatility for DIY enthusiasts and homeowners tackling various painting projects. I find this sprayer perfect for furniture, walls, fences, and garden furniture thanks to its four nozzles (1mm to 3.0mm) and three spray patterns (horizontal, vertical, circular). The adjustable flow control guarantees precise paint application, while the 1200ml tank and lightweight design make it easy to maneuver. Plus, the included cleaning and blowing functions help maintain the sprayer’s performance. Overall, it delivers professional-quality finishes with minimal overspray, making it a reliable choice for a wide range of DIY projects.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and homeowners seeking an easy-to-use, versatile paint sprayer for furniture, walls, fences, and garden projects.
Pros:
- Offers professional-quality finishes with minimal overspray and faster application compared to brushes or rollers.
- Equipped with multiple nozzles and spray patterns for customized coverage on various surfaces.
- Features adjustable flow control and cleaning functions for precise application and easy maintenance.
Cons:
- Slightly heavy for extended use, which may cause fatigue during prolonged projects.
- May have limitations on larger projects due to tank capacity and hose length.
- Designed primarily for US voltage; international users might need voltage adapters or converters.
1200W Airless Paint Sprayer with Extension Rod
The 0W Airless Paint Sprayer with Extension Rod stands out for its compact design and versatile reach, making it ideal for tackling high or hard-to-access surfaces without ladders. Weighing just 16.5 pounds, it’s easy to maneuver with a long 31-foot hose and a handy extension pole. Its 1200W motor delivers fast, professional-quality results on large projects like fences, decks, or exterior walls. Whether you’re spraying near or far, this sprayer offers adjustable pressure and multiple spray methods. While it requires some practice to master, it’s perfect for those who want efficiency and convenience in a lightweight, portable tool.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professionals seeking a lightweight, portable airless paint sprayer capable of handling large surfaces and high or hard-to-reach areas with ease.
Pros:
- Compact, lightweight design at only 16.5 pounds for easy maneuverability and transportation
- Long 31-foot hose and extension pole for versatile reach without ladders
- Adjustable spray pressure and multiple spray methods for customized, professional-quality finishes
Cons:
- Requires some practice to achieve consistent spray patterns and avoid overspray
- Potential for overspray and surface preparation needed to minimize masking and cleanup
- Possible issues with overheating, leaks, or uneven spray if not properly maintained
AEROPRO Airless Paint Sprayer, 950W 0.52GPM 3300PSI
With its powerful 950W motor and high-pressure output of 3300 PSI, the AEROPRO Airless Paint Sprayer stands out as an excellent choice for those tackling large vinyl siding projects. It delivers a high flow rate of 0.52 GPM, enabling quick coverage and professional results on fences, walls, or exteriors. The stainless steel design guarantees durability, while the 15-meter hose and 360° swivel gun provide flexibility and ease of use. Equipped with multiple reversible tips and accessories, it simplifies different painting tasks. Although priming can take some time and instructions are limited, this sprayer offers reliable performance for DIYers seeking efficiency and value.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and homeowners seeking an affordable, high-performance airless sprayer for large interior and exterior painting projects like fences, walls, and siding.
Pros:
- Powerful 950W motor with 3300 PSI for fast, professional-quality coverage
- Durable stainless steel construction with a flexible 15-meter hose and 360° swivel gun for ease of use
- Comes with multiple reversible tips and accessories, making it versatile for various painting tasks
Cons:
- Limited manual instructions can make setup and operation challenging for beginners
- Priming process may be time-consuming, especially for first-time users
- Potential clogging issues and difficulty regulating stain flow on certain materials
Graco Magnum 257025 Project Painter Plus Paint Sprayer, Multicolor
If you’re looking for a durable and versatile paint sprayer that handles unthinned paints with ease, the Graco Magnum 257025 Project Painter Plus is an excellent choice. Made in the USA with metal construction, it offers durability for repeated use. Its fully adjustable pressure control lets you spray at any pressure setting, making precise application simple. Capable of handling unthinned paints or stains, it suits DIY projects up to 5 gallons. With a maximum flow rate of 0.24 GPM and a 0.375 HP engine, it delivers efficient, consistent results, making painting faster and easier for a variety of household tasks.
Best For: DIYers and homeowners seeking a durable, versatile paint sprayer capable of handling unthinned paints for projects up to 5 gallons.
Pros:
- Fully adjustable pressure control for precise spraying at any pressure setting
- Made in the USA with durable metal construction for long-lasting use
- Capable of spraying unthinned paints or stains, increasing versatility
Cons:
- Maximum flow rate of 0.24 GPM may be limiting for large, high-volume projects
- Slightly heavier due to metal construction, which may impact portability
- Designed primarily for small to medium projects; not ideal for large commercial jobs
Cordless Paint Sprayer for Dewalt 20V Max Battery
Are you searching for a lightweight, versatile sprayer that can handle indoor and outdoor projects without the hassle of cords? The Cordless Paint Sprayer for Dewalt 20V Max Battery fits the bill perfectly. Weighing just 2.42 pounds, it’s easy to maneuver and operate anywhere. It features a versatile nozzle system with four sizes and three spray patterns, making it suitable for fences, furniture, walls, and more. Powered by a 600W motor, it delivers up to 800 ml/min, ensuring fast, smooth finishes. Plus, its built-in cleaning features save time, and customer reviews highlight its reliability and ease of use—an excellent choice for DIYers and professionals alike.
Best For: DIY enthusiasts and professionals seeking a lightweight, cordless paint sprayer for indoor and outdoor projects that offers versatility, ease of use, and efficient performance.
Pros:
- Compatible with Dewalt 20V/60V Max batteries, providing flexibility and convenience
- Lightweight design at only 2.42 pounds for effortless handling and maneuverability
- Adjustable flow control and multiple nozzle sizes and spray patterns for tailored application
Cons:
- Battery not included, requiring an additional purchase for operation
- May have limited viscosity handling compared to larger, corded sprayers
- Some users might find the spray pattern options less extensive than professional-grade equipment
Cosmostar AX1450 Pneumatic Airless Sprayer Set
The Cosmostar AX1450 Pneumatic Airless Sprayer Set stands out for its durability and high-pressure performance, making it an excellent choice for professionals or serious DIYers tackling large vinyl siding projects. Its robust pump delivers up to 2760 PSI, ensuring powerful and consistent spray coverage, even on tough surfaces. The compact design enhances mobility, so you can easily move between areas without hassle. With straightforward maintenance and included accessories like an R2006 spray gun and hoses, it’s ready to use right out of the box. Overall, this sprayer offers reliable, high-quality performance for demanding painting tasks.
Best For: Professional painters and serious DIYers tackling large-scale projects like vinyl siding with high-pressure, reliable spray performance.
Pros:
- Delivers powerful spraying with up to 2760 PSI for consistent coverage
- Compact and lightweight design enhances mobility and ease of use
- Easy maintenance with accessible motor parts reduces downtime
Cons:
- May be overpowered for small or light-duty tasks
- Requires an air input pressure of up to 120 PSI, needing compatible equipment
- The maximum flow rate of 0.5 GPM might be limiting for very high-volume projects
Cosmostar AX0115 Pneumatic Airless Paint Sprayer
The Cosmostar AX0115 Pneumatic Airless Paint Sprayer stands out for demanding industrial projects thanks to its incredible 6500 PSI maximum pressure and rugged construction. With a 65:1 pressure ratio, it easily handles thick coatings on metal, pipelines, and shipyards. Its Atlas 10” air motor and 195 cc pump deliver a flow rate of 3.1 GPM for fast, smooth spraying without clogs. Built from durable stainless steel, it’s designed to withstand harsh environments like oil refineries and mines. The full set includes everything needed for quick setup, and its straightforward maintenance ensures reliable performance over time. It’s a powerful tool for heavy-duty industrial tasks.
Best For: professionals and industrial contractors requiring high-pressure, durable, and efficient spray equipment for demanding coatings on metal, pipelines, and shipyards.
Pros:
- Delivers powerful 6500 PSI pressure and a 65:1 ratio for thick coating applications
- Rugged stainless steel construction suitable for extreme environments like oil refineries and mines
- Comes as a complete set with easy setup and minimal maintenance requirements
Cons:
- Heavy weight of 200 pounds may require additional handling support
- Requires a compressed air supply of up to 100 PSI, limiting portability without proper compressor
- Large dimensions (23.6”W x 47.2”H) may be cumbersome for tight spaces
Airless Paint Spray Gun Sprayer (JW-G3)
For professionals and serious DIYers seeking a powerful, versatile spray gun, the Airless Paint Spray Gun Sprayer (JW-G3) stands out with its impressive 3600 PSI maximum pressure and large 10-inch spray width. Made from durable aluminum alloy, it handles primers, paints, and stains efficiently. The ergonomic handle offers comfort during extended use, and the 1.5-meter hose ensures good reach for large projects. Its interchangeable parts, compatible with brands like Graco, simplify maintenance. Customers praise its reliability, ease of use, and ability to deliver high-quality, even finishes with minimal overspray. Overall, the JW-G3 is a solid, cost-effective choice for demanding painting tasks.
Best For: professional painters and serious DIYers who need a powerful, versatile spray gun for large-scale projects and demanding painting tasks.
Pros:
- High-pressure capacity of 3600 PSI for efficient and even coverage
- Large 10-inch spray width reduces painting time and increases productivity
- Interchangeable parts compatible with popular brands like Graco and Titan for easy maintenance
Cons:
- Plastic components are less dense and may impact long-term durability
- Minor issues such as trigger lock malfunctions or tip seal fit problems reported by some users
- Some users find plastic parts less robust compared to all-metal commercial sprayers
Airless Paint Sprayer, 3300 PSI High Efficiency Paint Gun
If you’re tackling large-scale home exterior projects, the 3300 PSI high-efficiency airless paint sprayer stands out as an excellent choice due to its powerful performance and ease of use. With a 950W motor, it sprays faster than brushes or rollers, saving you time. It handles up to 200 gallons annually without any issues and produces a dense, even paint mist for a smooth, durable finish. You can spray directly from 1 or 5-gallon pails, thanks to adjustable pressure and swivel joints for better control. Includes an extension pole and accessories, making it versatile for various surfaces like siding, fences, or decks.
Best For: DIY homeowners and professional remodelers tackling large home exteriors, fences, decks, and interior projects requiring fast, smooth, durable finishes.
Pros:
- High-powered 3300 PSI spray for efficient coverage of large surfaces
- Handles up to 200 gallons annually with dense, uniform paint mist for a professional finish
- Includes adjustable pressure, extension pole, and accessories for versatile, precise application
Cons:
- May be heavier and bulkier for extended manual use
- Requires some setup and cleaning time, especially after large projects
- Less suitable for small touch-up work or very detailed finishes
Factors to Consider When Choosing an Airless Sprayer for Vinyl Siding
When selecting an airless sprayer for vinyl siding, I focus on power and pressure levels to guarantee efficient coverage without overspray. I also consider nozzle compatibility, ease of use features, and how easily I can move and reach different areas. Finally, I check if the paint types I plan to use are compatible with the sprayer’s settings to get the best results.
Power and Pressure Levels
Choosing the right airless sprayer for vinyl siding hinges on understanding its power and pressure levels. A minimum of 2000 PSI is essential to guarantee even coating over large areas, but higher pressures, like 3000 PSI or more, help speed up the job and improve penetration into textured surfaces. Adjustable pressure controls give you precise regulation, preventing overspray and helping you achieve a smooth finish. The pump’s capacity, measured in gallons per minute (GPM), should match the pressure level to maintain consistent spray and avoid clogging. For vinyl siding paints and primers, selecting a sprayer with sufficient power and pressure capacity is key, especially to handle the viscosity without needing to thin the paint. This assures efficient, high-quality results every time.
Nozzle Compatibility Options
Selecting the right nozzle compatibility options is vital for achieving a professional finish on your vinyl siding projects. I look for sprayers with interchangeable nozzle tips that support various spray patterns and sizes, giving me flexibility for different tasks. Ideally, the sprayer should support nozzle tip sizes from 211 to 623, letting me control spray width and finish quality precisely. Durability matters, so I choose spray tips made from tungsten carbide or stainless steel to withstand frequent use and prevent clogging. Reversible nozzle tips are a bonus—they make clearing blockages quick and easy, minimizing downtime. Finally, compatibility with standard fittings like 1/4 inch or 3/8 inch threads is essential, as it broadens my access to a wide range of tips and accessories for different siding projects.
Ease of Use Features
Ease of use is crucial when selecting an airless sprayer for vinyl siding, as it directly impacts the quality of your work and your efficiency. Look for models with ergonomic handles and lightweight designs—ideally under 10 pounds—to reduce fatigue during long projects. Adjustable spray patterns and pressure controls help ensure even coating and adapt to different siding textures. A long, high-pressure hose (at least 25 feet) lets you reach large areas without constant repositioning. Choose sprayers with easy-to-disassemble parts and straightforward cleaning features to make maintenance quick and simple. Additionally, user-friendly controls and clear instructions are essential, especially for beginners, helping you achieve professional results without frustration. These features make your siding project smoother and more enjoyable.
Spray Reach and Mobility
To effectively cover large vinyl siding surfaces, you need a sprayer with enough reach and mobility to minimize repositioning and maximize efficiency. A long hose, ideally between 25 to 50 feet, allows you to reach high or wide areas without constantly moving the unit. Look for models with high pressure capabilities, such as 3000 PSI or more, to efficiently spray thick coatings. Portability features like built-in handles or lightweight design make maneuvering easier around large surfaces. Additionally, adjustable spray patterns and flow control help manage coverage and prevent overspray, ensuring a smooth, even finish. A sturdy, flexible hose that resists kinking and withstands outdoor conditions is essential for extended use in outdoor projects, keeping your work efficient and hassle-free.
Paint Compatibility Types
When choosing an airless sprayer for vinyl siding, guaranteeing it supports the right types of paint is key to achieving a smooth, durable finish. Most projects will use latex or acrylic paints, so check that the sprayer can handle these without thinning. Additionally, it should be capable of spraying higher viscosity paints, up to around 100 KU, for better coverage on textured siding. Versatility is important, so look for models that can handle water-based, oil-based, and elastomeric coatings, giving you options for different siding treatments. Pay attention to the maximum flow rate and pressure settings to ensure even coverage without over-spraying or damaging the vinyl. Compatibility with thick coatings and adjustable spray patterns also help achieve efficient, clean results on large surfaces.
Maintenance and Cleaning
Regular maintenance and thorough cleaning are essential to keep your airless sprayer operating at peak performance, especially when working on vinyl siding projects. Regularly cleaning the spray tip and filters prevents clogs and guarantees consistent spray quality. Using the right cleaning solution—water for latex paints or solvent for oil-based paints—keeps internal components in good shape. After each use, disassemble and rinse the spray gun, hose, and nozzle thoroughly to remove residual paint and reduce blockages. Periodic inspection of seals and filters, along with replacing worn parts, extends the sprayer’s lifespan and sustains optimal performance. Always follow the manufacturer’s cleaning instructions and recommended intervals to ensure your sprayer stays in top condition for long-term use and flawless siding finishes.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do I Maintain and Clean an Airless Sprayer Effectively?
To keep my airless sprayer in top shape, I always flush it with water or the recommended cleaning solution immediately after each use. I disassemble and clean the nozzle and filters thoroughly to prevent clogs. I also check the hoses for wear and store everything in a dry, protected place. Regular maintenance like this guarantees my sprayer stays efficient and ready for the next project.
What Safety Precautions Should I Follow During Vinyl Siding Spraying?
When spraying vinyl siding, I always wear protective gear like goggles, gloves, and a mask to avoid fumes and paint splashes. I guarantee good ventilation and keep bystanders at a safe distance. Before starting, I check for leaks and proper pressure settings. I also follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. Being cautious helps me prevent accidents and ensures a smooth, safe painting process.
Can I Use These Sprayers for Other Exterior Surfaces Besides Vinyl Siding?
Absolutely, you can use these sprayers on other exterior surfaces—think of them as versatile brushes in a painter’s toolkit. I’ve used mine on decks, fences, and even outdoor furniture, and they deliver a smooth, even coat every time. Just keep in mind the material you’re working with and adjust your pressure accordingly. With a little care, these sprayers become your go-to for all kinds of outdoor projects.
How Does Spray Pattern Adjustment Improve Application Quality?
Adjusting the spray pattern really improves application quality by giving me more control over where the paint goes. I can switch between a narrow stream for detailed work and a wider fan for larger areas, which helps me avoid over-spraying or missing spots. It also guarantees a smoother, more even coat, making my job faster and the finish look professional. Proper adjustment saves paint and time, too.
What Is the Typical Lifespan of a High-Pressure Airless Sprayer?
While the sands of time gently mark its passage, a high-pressure airless sprayer typically graces us with about 5 to 10 years of faithful service. Proper maintenance and conscientious use can extend this lifespan, ensuring your investment continues to deliver smooth, even finishes. I recommend regular cleaning and timely part replacements to keep your sprayer performing at its peak, making every project a pleasure rather than a chore.
Conclusion
Choosing the right airless sprayer is like finding the perfect brush for a masterpiece—you want smooth, even coverage that makes your vinyl siding shine. Whether you prefer high pressure, versatile nozzles, or a lightweight design, there’s a sprayer here that can turn your project into a seamless work of art. With the right tool in hand, your siding will look fresh and flawless, transforming your home’s curb appeal like a painter’s brushstroke.
With James‘ articles, you can expect comprehensive breakdowns of airless paint sprayer features, performance assessments, and expert insights into the latest industry innovations. His meticulous approach ensures that readers gain a thorough understanding of the equipment they are considering, helping them make well-informed choices.
